SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>General-purpose programming language</title>

</head>

General-purpose programming language

</h1>

</header>

In <a href="Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>, a general-purpose programming language (GPL) is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for building <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> in a wide variety of application <a href="Domain_(software_engineering)" title="Domain (software engineering)">domains</a>. Conversely, a <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific programming language</a> (DSL) is used within a specific area. For example, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> is a GPL, while <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> is a DSL for <a href="Query_language" title="Query language">querying relational databases</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Early programming languages were designed for scientific computing (numerical calculations) or commercial data processing, as was computer hardware. Scientific languages such as <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> and <a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">Algol</a> supported floating-point calculations and multidimensional arrays, while business languages such as <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> supported fixed-field file formats and <a href="Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">data records</a>. Much less widely used were specialized languages such as <a href="IPL-V" class="mw-redirect" title="IPL-V">IPL-V</a> and <a href="LISP" class="mw-redirect" title="LISP">LISP</a> for <a href="List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">symbolic list processing</a>; <a href="COMIT" title="COMIT">COMIT</a> for string manipulation; <a href="APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a> for <a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">numerically controlled machines</a>. <a href="Systems_programming" title="Systems programming">Systems programming</a> requiring <a href="Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointer manipulation</a> was typically done in <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, though <a href="JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a> was used for some military applications.<a href="#cite_note-sammet-1">[1]</a>

<a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">System/360</a>, announced in 1964, was designed as a unified hardware architecture supporting both scientific and commercial applications, and IBM developed <a href="PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> for it as a single, general-purpose language that supported scientific, commercial, and systems programming. Indeed, a subset of PL/I was used as the standard systems programming language for the <a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> operating system.

Since PL/I, the distinction between scientific and commercial programming languages has diminished, with most languages supporting the basic features required by both, and much of the special file format handling delegated to specialized <a href="Database#Database_management_system" title="Database">database management systems</a>.

Many specialized languages were also developed starting in the 1960s: <a href="GPSS" title="GPSS">GPSS</a> and <a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> for discrete event simulation; <a href="MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a>, <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>, and <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> for teaching programming; <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> for systems programming; <a href="JOSS" title="JOSS">JOSS</a> and <a href="APL/360" class="mw-redirect" title="APL/360">APL\360</a> for interactive programming.<a href="#cite_note-sammet-1">[1]</a>

The distinction between general-purpose programming languages and domain-specific programming languages is not always clear.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A programming language may be created for a specific task, but used beyond that original domain and thus be considered a general purpose programming language. For example, <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> were created as DSLs (for business processing, numeric computation, and symbolic processing), but became GPLs over time. Inversely, a language may be designed for general use but only applied in a specific area in practice.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> A programming language that is well suited for a problem, whether it be general-purpose language or DSL, should minimize the level of detail required while still being expressive enough in the problem domain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> As the name suggests, general-purpose language is "general" in that it cannot provide support for domain-specific notation while DSLs can be designed in diverse problem domains to handle this problem.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> General-purpose languages are preferred to DSLs when an application domain is not well understood enough to warrant its own language. In this case, a general-purpose language with an appropriate library of data types and functions for the domain may be used instead.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> While DSLs are usually smaller than GPL in that they offer a smaller range of notations of abstractions, some DSLs actually contain an entire GPL as a sublanguage. In these instances, the DSLs are able to offer domain-specific expressive power along with the expressive power of GPL.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

General Purpose programming languages are all <a href="Turing_completeness" title="Turing completeness">Turing-complete</a>, meaning that they can theoretically solve any computational problem. Domain-specific languages are often similarly Turing-complete but are not exclusively so.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h3></div>

General-purpose programming languages are more commonly used by programmers. According to a study, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> were the most commonly used programming languages in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> One argument in favor of using general-purpose programming languages over domain-specific languages is that more people will be familiar with these languages, overcoming the need to learn a new language.

Additionally, for many tasks (e.g., statistical analysis, machine learning, etc.) there are libraries that are extensively tested and optimized. Theoretically, the presence of these libraries should bridge the gap between general-purpose and domain-specific languages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a>

An empirical study in 2010 sought to measure problem-solving and productivity between GPLs and DSLs by giving users problems who were familiar with the GPL (<a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>) and unfamiliar with the DSL (<a href="Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">XAML</a>). Ultimately, users of this specific domain-specific language performed better by a factor of 15%, even though they were more familiar with GPL, warranting further research.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

The predecessor to <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a>, was developed largely for a specific purpose: <a href="Systems_programming" title="Systems programming">systems programming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> By contrast, C has found use in a variety of computational domains, such as <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>, <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>, and <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>.

C is suitable for use in a variety of areas because of its generality. It provides economy of expression, flow control, data structures, and a rich set of operators, but does not constrain its users to use it in any one context.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As a result, though it was first used by its creators to rewrite the kernel of the <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> it was easily adapted for use in application development, embedded systems (e.g., microprocessor programming), video games (e.g., <a href="Doom_(franchise)" title="Doom (franchise)">Doom</a>), and so on. Today, C remains one of the most popular and widely used programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Conceived as an extension to C, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> introduced <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> features, as well as other conveniences like references, operator overloading, and default arguments. Like C, C++'s generality allowed it to be used in a wide range of areas. While its core area of application is in systems programming (because of C++'s ability to grant access to low-level architecture),<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> it has been used extensively to build desktop applications, video games, databases, financial systems, and much more.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> Major software and finance companies, such as <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>, and <a href="Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, still widely use C++ in their internal and external applications.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Python">Python</h3></div>

<a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> was conceived as a language that emphasized code readability and extensibility.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The former allowed non-software engineers to easily learn and write computer programs, while the latter allowed domain specialists to easily create <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> suited to their own use cases. For these reasons, Python has been used across a wide range of domains.

Some areas where Python is used include:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<ul><li>Web development – Frameworks like <a href="Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a> and <a href="Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a> have allowed web developers to create robust web servers that can also exploit the wider Python ecosystem.</li>

<li>Science and academia – Scientific and data libraries, like <a href="SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a> and <a href="Pandas_(software)" title="Pandas (software)">Pandas</a>, have enabled Python's use in scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>Machine learning – Libraries like <a href="Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a> and <a href="TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a> have made <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> more accessible to developers.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>General software development – Developing user applications, web scraping programs, games, and other general software.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></div>

The following are some general-purpose programming languages:

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;">

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a></li>

<li><a href="Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a></li>

<li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">Harbour</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a></li>

<li><a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li>

<li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a></li>

<li><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic (.NET)</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="General-purpose_markup_language" title="General-purpose markup language">General-purpose markup language</a></li>

<li><a href="General-purpose_modeling_language" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose modeling language">General-purpose modeling language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-sammet-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sammet_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sammet_1-1">b</a> Jean E. Sammet, "Programming Languages: History and Future", Communications of the ACM 15:7:601-610 (July 1972) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361454.361485">10.1145/361454.361485</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvan_DeursenKlintVisser2000" class="citation journal cs1">van Deursen, Arie; Klint, Paul; Visser, Joost (2000). "Domain-Specific Languages: An Annotated Bibliography". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 35 (6): 26–36. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.33.8207">10.1.1.33.8207</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F352029.352035">10.1145/352029.352035</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBerry2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berry, Gerard (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00075494/document">"Real time programming: special purpose or general purpose languages"</a>. HAL Open Science.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKosar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kosar, Tomaz (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1820-0214/2010/1820-02141002247K.pdf">"Comparing General-Purpose and Domain-Specific Languages: An Empirical Study"</a> (PDF). Computer Science and Information Systems. 7 (2): 247–264. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FCSIS1002247K">10.2298/CSIS1002247K</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvan_Deursen1998" class="citation journal cs1">van Deursen, Arie (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291096-908X%28199803/04%2910%3A2%3C75%3A%3AAID-SMR168%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5">"Little languages: little maintenance?"</a>. Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice. 10 (2): 75–92. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-908X%28199803%2F04%2910%3A2%3C75%3A%3AAID-SMR168%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5">10.1002/(SICI)1096-908X(199803/04)10:2<75::AID-SMR168>3.0.CO;2-5</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvan_DeursenKlintVisser2000" class="citation journal cs1">van Deursen, Arie; Klint, Paul; Visser, Joost (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/352029.352035">"Domain-specific languages: an annotated bibliography"</a>. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 35 (6): 26–36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F352029.352035">10.1145/352029.352035</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-1340">0362-1340</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1049872">1049872</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statisticsanddata.org/data/the-most-popular-programming-languages-1965-2021/#:~:text=The%20most%20popular%20programming%20languages%20in%202021%20(TIOBE%20Index)&text=The%20most%20popular%20programming%20language,third%20place%20with%20a%2010.31%25">"The Most Popular Programming Languages - 1965/2021 - New Update - Statistics and Data"</a>. statisticsanddata.org. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompson1972" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, K. (1972-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/kbman.pdf">"Cover sheet for technical memorandum"</a> (PDF). <a href="Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114427/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/kbman.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-11. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFW.2016" class="citation book cs1">W., Kernighan, Brian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1004153413">The C programming language</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-13-110370-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004153413">1004153413</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRitchie1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Dennis (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf">"The development of the C language"</a> (PDF). ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3): 201–208. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F155360.155580">10.1145/155360.155580</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">"TIOBE Index"</a>. TIOBE. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStroustrup1995" class="citation book cs1">Stroustrup, Bjarne (1995). The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stroustrup.com/applications.html">"C++ Applications"</a>. www.stroustrup.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artima.com/articles/the-making-of-python">"artima – The Making of Python"</a>. www.artima.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place">"General Python FAQ – Python 3.10.4 documentation"</a>. docs.python.org. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about/apps/">"Applications for Python"</a>. Python.org. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantifyinghealth.com/programming-languages-popularity-in-research/">"Programming Languages Popularity in 12,086 Research Papers – Quantifying Health"</a>. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPedregosa2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pedregosa, Fabian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume12/pedregosa11a/pedregosa11a.pdf?ref=https://githubhelp.com">"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Machine Learning Research. 12: 2825–2830. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0490">1201.0490</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JMLR...12.2825P">2011JMLR...12.2825P</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=General-purpose_programming_language&oldid=1304364369">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>